Authors

WFDB-x ports the C code of the WFDB Software Package, version 10.7.0 (third_party/wfdb-main.zip), to Python, C++, MATLAB/Octave, Rust, Julia, R and Kotlin. WFDB-x was developed by Reza Sameni (2026), through AI-assisted development, cross-language verification and unit testing; the C code it ports was written by George B. Moody, Benjamin Moody and the other authors credited below. This file says who wrote the C code that each part of WFDB-x is a port of.

File headers

The header comment of every WFDB-x source file that translates a C file gives the same credit in short form, in the same order in every language:

1. that the file is part of WFDB-x, an independent reimplementation of the WFDB Software Package in Python, C++, MATLAB/Octave, Rust, Julia, R and Kotlin;
2. the C file or files it translates and their authors (for example, “It is a Python translation of lib/annot.c from the WFDB Software Package 10.7.0, by George B. Moody”);
3. “Changes from the original”: how the file differs from the C code (each change is marked “WFDB-x:” in the code, and DIVERGENCES.md gives the reasons), or “none, apart from the language”;
4. the copyright of the C file, with its revisers (for example, “Copyright (C) 1989-2013 George B. Moody; revised 2015-2020 by Benjamin Moody”), and “Language translation and changes: Copyright (C) 2026 Reza Sameni”;
5. the license: the GNU General Public License, version 3 or later.

Tests and other code with no C original (see below) say instead that they have no counterpart in the original package, and carry only the WFDB-x copyright and the license.

Where these credits come from

• Author and dates. The first line of every C source names its author and the date it was first written (/* file: signal.c G. Moody 13 April 1989). The second line gives the date of the last revision (Last revised: 18 May 2022).
• Copyright. The Copyright (C) line of each C header comment. Every ported file names George B. Moody as the only copyright holder, except parsescp.c, which names George B. Moody and Edna S. Moody, and ahaecg2mit.c, which has no copyright or license notice.
• Revisions after 2013. The “Last revised” dates after 2013 come from changes made by Benjamin Moody, who maintained the package from 2014 to
  1. The C sources don’t name him; the evidence is the upstream git history (github.com/bemoody/wfdb, tag 10.7.0). In that history, George B. Moody’s commits are whole releases (“Version 10.x.y”, 2000-2014), and the individual commits from 2014 on are by Benjamin Moody. The table counts only commits that change code. It leaves out commits that only changed comments, such as “Update WFDB contact information” and “Remove outdated FSF postal address” (2018). Patches he contributed before 2014 are credited in NEWS and in the “Recent Changes” chapter of the WFDB Programmer’s Guide (doc/wpg-src/wpg0.tex), and those years are included.
• Contributions in the sources. Comments that credit someone (“Thanks to”, “contributed by”, …) in the ported C sources, and the acknowledgments in NEWS, README.NETFILES and the WFDB Programmer’s Guide.

Licenses of the C package: the library (lib/) is under the GNU Library General Public License, version 2 or later (lib/COPYING.LIB). The applications (app/, convert/) are under the GNU General Public License, version 2 or later (COPYING). This was checked in each file’s own notice. The one exception is ahaecg2mit.c, which has no notice; it is covered by the package’s COPYING (GPL), like the rest of convert/.

Library (LGPL-2+)

C file	Author (first written)	Last revised	Copyright	Revisions and contributions
lib/wfdbio.c	G. Moody (18 Nov 1988)	11 Apr 2022	(C) 1988-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2010-2022 by Benjamin Moody (e.g. resetwfdb work, 2010; wfdb_getline, 2022). The HTTP/FTP “NETFILES” code was first written by Michael Dakin (1999, libwww) and rewritten by Benjamin Moody (2005, libcurl); WFDB-x doesn’t port it: its network access (off by default, URLs only; see DIVERGENCES.md) is its own. Fred Geheb supplied a patch for indirect (@FILE) WFDB paths (2004). The idea of inserting path components at the head in wfdb_addtopath came from David Brooks.
lib/signal.c	G. Moody (13 Apr 1989)	18 May 2022	(C) 1989-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2011-2022 by Benjamin Moody. His work includes fstrtim, ftimstr and fmstimstr and the base-time precision fixes (10.5.8, 2011), the putinfo fix (2012), the strtim bracket fix (2013), variable-layout records (per the WFDB Programmer’s Guide) and FLAC signal formats 508/516/524 (2020). Other contributions: edfparse overflow fix from Joonas Paalasmaa, make_vsd leak fix from Yinqi Zhang (2008), getspf rounding reported by Guido Muesch (credited in a comment), isigopen search optimization suggested by David Brooks (2011). datstr/strdat are “based on similar functions in chapter 1 of Numerical Recipes (Press, Flannery, Teukolsky and Vetterling)” (comment in the source).
lib/annot.c	G. Moody (13 Apr 1989)	4 Nov 2020	(C) 1989-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2015-2020 by Benjamin Moody. Virginia Faro-Maza fixed a bug in iannsettime (2012).
lib/calib.c	G. Moody (4 Jul 1991)	11 Apr 2022	(C) 1991-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2019-2022 by Benjamin Moody (wildcard * entries, no line-length limit).
lib/wfdbinit.c	G. Moody (23 May 1983)	28 Apr 2020	(C) 1983-2012 George B. Moody	Revised 2012-2019 by Benjamin Moody (putinfo fix, 2012).
lib/wfdb.h	G. Moody (13 Jun 1983)	18 May 2022	(C) 1983-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2010-2020 by Benjamin Moody.
lib/wfdblib.h	G. Moody (13 Apr 1989)	11 Apr 2022	(C) 1989-2012 George B. Moody	Revised 2017-2022 by Benjamin Moody.
lib/ecgcodes.h	T. Baker and G. Moody (Jun 1981)	29 Apr 1999	(C) 1999 George B. Moody	none
lib/ecgmap.h	G. Moody (8 Jun 1983)	4 May 1999	(C) 1999 George B. Moody	none

Applications (app/, GPL-2+)

C file	Author (first written)	Last revised	Copyright	Revisions and contributions
app/rdsamp.c	G. Moody (23 Jun 1983)	18 May 2022	(C) 1983-2010 George B. Moody	Revised 2017-2020 by Benjamin Moody. Ikaro Silva reported a format-32 overflow, with a test case (2010).
app/wrsamp.c	G. Moody (10 Aug 1993)	18 May 2022	(C) 1993-2014 George B. Moody	Revised 2020 by Benjamin Moody (FLAC formats).
app/rdann.c	T. Baker and G. Moody (27 Jul 1981)	27 Apr 2020	(C) 1981-2010 George B. Moody	Revised 2017-2018 by Benjamin Moody.
app/wrann.c	G. Moody (6 Jul 1983)	24 Apr 2020	(C) 1983-2010 George B. Moody	Revised 2018 by Benjamin Moody.
app/sortann.c	G. Moody (7 Apr 1997)	24 Apr 2020	(C) 1997-2010 George B. Moody	Revised 2017-2018 by Benjamin Moody.
app/ann2rr.c	G. Moody (16 May 1995)	4 Nov 2020	(C) 1995-2009 George B. Moody	Revised 2018-2020 by Benjamin Moody.
app/rr2ann.c	G. Moody (29 Nov 1999)	6 Dec 2000	(C) 2000 George B. Moody	none
app/wfdbdesc.c	G. Moody (Jun 1989)	12 May 2020	(C) 1989-2012 George B. Moody	Revised 2018-2020 by Benjamin Moody.
app/wfdbtime.c	G. Moody (16 Feb 2009)	27 Apr 2020	(C) 2001 George B. Moody (sic: before the file date)	Revised 2017-2018 by Benjamin Moody.
app/time2sec.c	G. Moody (9 Jul 2003)	14 Mar 2009	(C) 2003-2009 George B. Moody	none
app/sampfreq.c	G. Moody (7 Jun 1998)	29 Jul 2012	(C) 1998-2012 George B. Moody	none
app/signame.c	G. Moody (9 Apr 2008)	(none given)	(C) 2008 George B. Moody	The header line says file: signum.c (copied from signum.c).
app/signum.c	G. Moody (9 Apr 2008)	27 Sep 2021	(C) 2008 George B. Moody	Revised 2021 by Benjamin Moody (output format).
app/sigamp.c	G. Moody (30 Nov 1991)	27 Apr 2020	(C) 1991-2009 George B. Moody	Revised 2018 by Benjamin Moody.
app/snip.c	G. Moody (30 Jul 1989)	18 Aug 2021	(C) 1989-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2011-2021 by Benjamin Moody (multi-segment and output-format patches in 10.5.9/10.5.11, 2011-2012; later fixes).
app/xform.c	G. Moody (8 Dec 1983)	18 May 2022	(C) 1983-2010 George B. Moody	Revised 2017-2020 by Benjamin Moody (multi-frequency fixes, FLAC formats).
app/wfdbcat.c	G. Moody (3 Mar 2000)	18 May 2018	(C) 2000 George B. Moody	Revised 2018 by Benjamin Moody.
app/wfdbwhich.c	G. Moody (20 Jun 1990)	5 May 1999	(C) 1999 George B. Moody	none

Format converters (convert/, GPL-2+)

C file	Author (first written)	Last revised	Copyright	Revisions and contributions
convert/edf2mit.c	G. Moody (16 Oct 1996)	18 Nov 2008	(C) 1996-2004 George B. Moody	none
convert/mit2edf.c	G. Moody (2 Nov 2002)	18 May 2022	(C) 2002-2014 George B. Moody	Revised 2020 by Benjamin Moody (FLAC formats).
convert/rdedfann.c	G. Moody (14 Mar 2008)	5 Mar 2014	(C) 2008-2014 George B. Moody	Luca Citi contributed a bug fix and the -x option (10.5.23, 2014).
convert/wav2mit.c	G. Moody (12 Feb 2003)	23 Dec 2004	(C) 2003-2004 George B. Moody	none
convert/mit2wav.c	G. Moody (12 Feb 2003)	22 Mar 2018	(C) 2003-2010 George B. Moody	Revised 2018 by Benjamin Moody (multi-frequency input). Greg Downs fixed an uninitialized variable (2009).
convert/wfdb2mat.c	G. Moody (26 Feb 2009)	16 Jun 2021	(C) 2009-2013 George B. Moody	Revised 2014-2021 by Benjamin Moody (“version 5” .mat output, multi-frequency input, etc.).
convert/a2m.c	G. Moody (9 Jun 1983)	27 Jul 2010	(C) 1983-2010 George B. Moody	none
convert/m2a.c	G. Moody (9 Jun 1983)	26 Apr 2001	(C) 2001 George B. Moody	none
convert/ad2m.c	G. Moody (26 Aug 1983)	20 Dec 2007	(C) 1983-2007 George B. Moody	none
convert/md2a.c	G. Moody (19 Jul 1983)	26 Apr 2001	(C) 2001 George B. Moody	none
convert/ahaecg2mit.c	G. Moody (7 May 2008)	11 Dec 2017	none (no copyright or license notice)	Revised 2017 by Benjamin Moody (printf format fix).
convert/makeid.c	G. Moody (19 Jul 1983)	5 Jun 2003	(C) 2003 George B. Moody	none
convert/readid.c	G. Moody (8 Aug 1983)	9 Jun 2005	(C) 1983-2005 George B. Moody	none
convert/revise.c	G. Moody (8 Feb 1991)	18 May 2018	(C) 1999 George B. Moody	Revised 2018 by Benjamin Moody.
convert/parsescp.c	G. Moody and E. Moody (10 Jan 2000)	4 Nov 2020	(C) 2000-2014 George B. Moody and Edna S. Moody	Revised 2016-2020 by Benjamin Moody.

Code that WFDB-x doesn’t port from a WFDB C file

Some files are WFDB-x’s own code and credit no C author. These include the C standard-library emulation (_cstd.py, rust/src/cstd*, matlab/+wfdbx/+internal/c*.m, kotlin/src/commonMain/kotlin/wfdbx/cstd/, …), the high-level APIs, the command-line drivers and the tests.

The FLAC encoder (in cpp/src/flac.cpp, rust/src/flac.rs, julia/src/flac.jl, kotlin/src/commonMain/kotlin/wfdbx/Flac.kt, python/src/wfdbx/_flac.py and r/R/flac.R, and the MATLAB flac_crc, flac_encode_frame, flac_streaminfo and flac_writeblock functions, with the MATLAB driver flac_decode) is also WFDB-x’s own: an independent implementation of the FLAC format. The C library uses libFLAC instead. The FLAC decoder of each implementation (in the same files, and the MATLAB flac_decoder) is a translation of the stream decoder of libFLAC 1.4.3, by Josh Coalson and the Xiph.Org Foundation (BSD-3-Clause license; see third_party/README.md), so that damaged files give the C library’s results; each of these files carries libFLAC’s license notice. The code that connects FLAC to the WFDB signal functions is different: it translates the FLAC support of lib/signal.c, written by Benjamin Moody (2020), and is credited to him.

Package-level acknowledgments

The WFDB Programmer’s Guide (doc/wpg-src/wpg0.tex, “Many friends have contributed to the development of the WFDB library”) thanks the following people:

• Contributors: Paul Albrecht, Ted Baker, Phil Devlin, Scott Greenwald, Thomas Heldt, Isaac Henry, David Israel, Roger Mark, Joe Mietus, Warren Muldrow, Ikaro Silva, Wei Zong, and “especially Paul Schluter, whose elegant 8080 assembly language functions inspired these (long live getann!)”.
• Bug reports and fixes: Omar Abdala, Winton Baker, David Brooks, Bob Farrell, Virginia Faro-Maza, Ion Gaztañaga, Fred Geheb, Mathias Gruber, Thomas Heldt, Isaac Henry, Justin Leo Chang Loong, Benjamin Moody, Guido Muesch, Joonas Paalasmaa, Tony Ricke, Dave Schaffer, Dan Scott, Allavatam Venugopal, Mauro Villarroel, Andrew Walsh, Piotr Wlodarek and Yinqi Zhang.

The guide also credits these pieces of work:

• Michael Dakin wrote the first NETFILES (HTTP client) implementation, which Benjamin Moody later reimplemented with libcurl; WFDB-x does not port it.
• Benjamin Moody also implemented variable-layout records (in signal.c, which WFDB-x ports).
• Pat Hamilton and Bob Farrell made the classic Mac OS and MS Windows ports.
• Jose Garcia Moros and Salvador Olmos made the Matlab/Octave reimplementations.
• Jonas Carlson wrote the Matlab wrappers, and Michael Craig wrote the WFDB Toolbox for Matlab.
• Isaac Henry wrote the SWIG wrappers.

WFDB-x

The Python, C++, MATLAB/Octave, Rust, Julia, R and Kotlin reimplementations were developed by Reza Sameni (2026), through AI-assisted development, cross-language verification and unit testing (see “How WFDB-x was developed” in the project README). They are distributed under the GNU General Public License, version 3 or later (LICENSE), which the “or later” terms of the C code’s licenses allow.